Genital intercourse during pregnancy is considered safe unless specifically advised otherwise by a doctor. There is uncertainty about what happens to sperm and semen during pregnancy. There may also be concerns about the effects on the developing foetus. In uncomplicated pregnancies, there are no adverse effects on unprotected intercourse or sperm.
This article describes what happens to sperm during pregnancy and how it can affect you and your unborn child.
According to the Mayo Clinic, the cervix is covered by a plug of mucus and the baby floats in the amniotic sac, protected by amniotic fluid. The mucus prevents sperm from entering the genitals and exiting the body through the genital opening. The purpose of the mucus plug and sperm is to keep bacteria and other potential sources of infection away from the uterus.
The male genitalia is not stretched sufficiently to allow sperm to reach the foetus. Superfetation is a second conception associated with pregnancy; as of 2008, fewer than 10 cases had been described in the medical literature and it is extremely rare in humans. However, it may occur in some mammals.
During pregnancy, the hormonal balance changes to favour conception over ovulation. The egg is not released and the mucus plug already prevents the entry of sperm. Also, when sperm do come into contact with the egg, the hormone levels are not sufficient to support implantation.
Unprotected intercourse or contact with the sperm of an infected partner increases the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Pregnancy increases the susceptibility to infections, some of which can harm both the mother and the developing foetus. Over time, the risk of premature birth or miscarriage (abortion) may increase.
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